Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Example For Students

Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. We will write a custom essay on Volcano Mount Vesuvius specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions (CO.sub.2 and H. sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 degreesC, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 km.sup.3 was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Vesuvius is a complex volcano. A complex volcano is an extensive assemblage of spatially, temporally, and genetically related major and minor volcanic centers with there associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Vesuvius has a long history. The oldest dated rock from the volcano is about 300,000 years old. It was collected from a well drilled near the volcano and was probably part of the Somma volcano. After Somma collapsed about 17,000 years ago, Vesuvius began to form. Four types of eruption have been documented: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) events with widespread air fall and major pyroclastic surges and flows; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions (AD 472, 1631) with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges; c) small to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian eruptions (numerous events during the 1631-1944 cycle, such as 1906 and 1944) with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches restricted to the active cone itself. The fourth type it is the smallest of all eruption types observed at Vesuvio. It is the persistent Strombolian to Hawaiian style eruption that characterizes almost all of an eruptive sub-cycle, such as was the case during the period 1913-1944. Activity of this kind is mainly restricted to the central crater where one or more intracrateral cones form, and to the sides of the cone. Lava flows from the summit crater or from the sub terminal vents extend beyond the cones base. A somewhat particular kind of persistent activity is the slow release of large amounts of lava from sub terminal fractures to form thick piles of lava with little . Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Example For Students Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Word Count: 3757 Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). We will write a custom essay on Volcano Mount Vesuvius specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions (CO.sub.2 and H. sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 degreesC, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 km.sup.3 was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Vesuvius is a complex volcano. A complex volcano is an extensive assemblage of spatially, temporally, and genetically related major and minor volcanic centers with there associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Vesuvius has a long history. The oldest dated rock from the volcano is about 300,000 years old. It was collected from a well drilled near the volcano and was probably part of the Somma volcano. After Somma collapsed about 17,000 years ago, Vesuvius began to form. Four types of eruption have been documented: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) events with widespread air fall and major pyroclastic surges and flows; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions (AD 472, 1631) with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges; c) small to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian eruptions (numerous events during the 1631-1944 cycle, such as 1906 and 1944) with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches restricted to the active cone itself. The fourth type it is the smallest of all eruption types observed at Vesuvio. .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .postImageUrl , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:hover , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:visited , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:active { border:0!important; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:active , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Malcolm X Essay Paper It is the persistent Strombolian to Hawaiian style eruption that characterizes almost all of an eruptive sub-cycle, such as was the case during the period 1913-1944. Activity of this kind is mainly restricted to the central crater where one or more intracrateral cones form, and to the sides of the cone. Lava flows from the summit crater or from the sub terminal vents extend beyond the cones base. A somewhat particular kind of persistent activity is the slow release of large amounts of lava from sub terminal fractures to form thick piles of lava with little . Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Example For Students Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). We will write a custom essay on Volcano Mount Vesuvius specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions (CO.sub.2 and H. sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 degreesC, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 km.sup.3 was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Vesuvius is a complex volcano. A complex volcano is an extensive assemblage of spatially, temporally, and genetically related major and minor volcanic centers with there associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Vesuvius has a long history. The oldest dated rock from the volcano is about 300,000 years old. It was collected from a well drilled near the volcano and was probably part of the Somma volcano. After Somma collapsed about 17,000 years ago, Vesuvius began to form. Four types of eruption have been documented: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) events with widespread air fall and major pyroclastic surges and flows; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions (AD 472, 1631) with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges; c) small to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian eruptions (numerous events during the 1631-1944 cycle, such as 1906 and 1944) with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches restricted to the active cone itself. The fourth type it is the smallest of all eruption types observed at Vesuvio. It is the persistent .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .postImageUrl , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:hover , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:visited , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:active { border:0!important; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:active , .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u45d992135e94975dcc7c06edc1c01aed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Go tell it on the mountain EssayStrombolian to Hawaiian style eruption that characterizes almost all of an eruptive sub-cycle, such as was the case during the period 1913-1944. Activity of this kind is mainly restricted to the central crater where one or more intracrateral cones form, and to the sides of the cone. Lava flows from the summit crater or from the sub terminal vents extend beyond the cones base. A somewhat particular kind of persistent activity is the slow release of large amounts of lava from sub terminal fractures to form thick piles of lava with little lateral extension, such as the lava cupola of Colle Umberto, formed in 1895-1899. (7) Vesuvius lies over a subduction zone. The two plates are the African plate and the Eurasian plate. The African plate is moving northward at about one inch (2-3 cm) per year and is slowly closing the Mediterranean basin. As it moves to the north, the .

Analysis of Walden, by Thoreau, using Stylistic Devices

Analysis of Walden, by Thoreau, using Stylistic Devices In Walden, Thoreau uses techniques to convey thoughtful reflection and unwavering confidence towards his actions and convictions. By contemplating his past ventures and personal beliefs, he urges the reader to take specific paths in life with a strong and forceful credibility.Thoreau's use of syntax expresses his philosophical yet audacious approach towards his quest to live simply and without superfluous needs. The semicolons and commas in the first sentence of paragraph four string together his descriptive memories of the Hollowell farm in a long and drawn out manner. The recollections tumble from his mind directly into his pen, causing the sentence to reflect his stream of rushing thoughts at a quick but steady pace. He fondly recalls the exact state and condition of every aspect of the farm, using commas to gracefully fit them into the sentence. In sentence four of paragraph ten, Thoreau deviates from his lengthy, pensive sentences to a short, repetitive exclamation stating, "Sim plicity, simplicity, simplicity!" Instead of using eloquent and extensively written phrases to urge his readers to live a life of abnegation, he resorts here to a curtailed, but powerful statement that summarizes his dominant exhortation with a passionate fervor.Original title page of Walden featuring a picture ...Such repetition reinforces his earlier passages in which he urges the reader to live without excess, revealing his confidence and therefore allowing his persuasion more authority.Thoreau's use of diction allows the reader to understand his cogitative aversion and distaste towards the material world that is full of exorbitant and unnecessary goods. Life within such a society is "petty" and "fluctuating," and human improvements are "external and superficial." He is critical of America, for its states are constantly bickering over boundaries and other trivial and foolish concerns. Men concern themselves with constant building and constructing, work he believes to be unnecessa ry for...

Tax Law & Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tax Law & Accounting - Research Paper Example The main objective is to simplify the rulings of previous tax laws with a purpose that supporting government operations will remain. However, the emerging of additional objectives that deals with the unfair imposition of income tax, and specialized economic objectives have made the structure of modern tax laws complicated. Many have expressed amazement and frustration with regard to the substantial complexity of tax laws, particularly in the ambiguity of tax requirements to the taxpayer. Instead of creating a comprehensive system for people to be honest in their tax liability, the system has provided the people/entities an excuse not to be honest. Tax is considered as an enforced contribution to the government which can be direct or indirect. Those taxes that are imposed to individuals with income and to legal entities like corporations are called direct tax while those that are financially charged through commodities are known as indirect tax. Taxes derived from income are determined through different effective rates which are imposed to all constituents throughout the world by subnational entities such as federal, state, and local governments. Based on the United States Constitution, the â€Å"power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and exercises, to pay the debts and provide the common defenses and general welfare of the United States† is vested to the Congress (â€Å"United States Constitution,† n.d.). Furthermore, tax statutes are created to make certain that U.S. tax setting and features will be in uniformed with other jurisdictions, and inequalities of tax burden will be avoided. The history of th e U.S. tax system has marked significant changes just to make the system fairer, simpler, and more consistent to all American taxpayers. This is also to further restrict the old yet growing tax evasion and tax avoidance strategies. These problems have pushed the idea that tax statutes should be construed strictly such as the passage of the 16th Amendment in 1913 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (Webley et al., 1991, p. 135). These ratifications are the forerunners of modern income tax statutes which are said to be complicated and economically harmful to individuals and businesses (â€Å"Fact Sheets: Taxes,† n.d.). This paper will address the objectives of modern income tax statutes, comparing and contrasting the GAAP and tax accounting, and finally how to differentiate between tax avoidance and tax evasion. Objectives of Modern Income Tax Statutes U.S. tax system is said to be fairly well-defined when taxation of income has been modified. By using the ability tax theory, the go vernment has given its constituents a practicable taxation system. However, modern income tax statutes enacted in 1913 appeared so highly complicated that cannot be understood by all taxpayers (Wilson, n.d.). According to Witte (1985), â€Å"the original modern income tax statutes passed in 1913 was a combination of earlier federal laws, state statutes, and the Britis income tax† (p. 246). Indeed, the scope has been broader and the degree of tax rates has increased wherein many have commented that this is the worst kind of tax. Many have asked if the objectives of imposing higher tax rates to low-income individuals and small business, reduction of exemptions, and continuing federal income tax, stipulated in modern tax laws are still constitutional. The government justified the scenario and said that there is no difference between modern tax laws and the earlier laws, because the former are seeking for the same objectives, and this is to raise government revenue to finance ope rations (Herrmann, 2002, p. 19). Despite of such argument, the economic objectives of modern laws are economically harmful not just to the employment of individuals but also to business operations. According to Webley et al.